【定语从句that和which、who(whom)用法】在英语语法中,定语从句是一个非常重要的知识点,它用于修饰名词或代词,使句子表达更加清晰和具体。在定语从句中,关系代词“that”、“which”、“who”(以及“whom”)是使用频率较高的几个词,但它们的用法各有不同,掌握好它们的区别对提高英语写作和口语表达能力非常有帮助。
一、“that”的用法
“that”是定语从句中最常用的关系代词之一,它可以指人也可以指物,常用于以下几种情况:
1. 修饰先行词为“all, everything, something, nothing, anything”等不定代词时
例如:
- I have told that I don’t want to go.
- She knows everything that happened.
2. 在正式或书面语中,修饰不可数名词或复数名词
例如:
- The book that I borrowed is very interesting.
- These are the people that helped us.
3. 在限制性定语从句中,不能省略
例如:
- The man that is standing there is my teacher.
(不能说“The man is standing there is my teacher.”)
二、“which”的用法
“which”通常用来指代物或整个句子,在定语从句中一般用于非限制性定语从句,即对主句进行补充说明,而不是限定其范围。此外,在正式语境中,“which”也可用于指代人,但在口语中较少见。
1. 指代物或整个句子
例如:
- The car which I bought last year is now broken.
- He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
2. 在非限制性定语从句中使用
例如:
- My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Beijing.
- The house, which was built in 1900, is now a museum.
3. 在介词后使用“which”
例如:
- This is the book about which I was talking.
- The person to whom you spoke is my father.
三、“who”和“whom”的用法
“who”和“whom”都用于指代人,但它们在句子中的语法功能不同。
1. “who”作主语
例如:
- The girl who is sitting next to me is my friend.
- The man who called me yesterday is my uncle.
2. “whom”作宾语
例如:
- The teacher whom we met yesterday is very kind.
- The student whom you asked about is from China.
注意:“whom”在现代英语中使用频率较低,尤其是在口语中,人们更倾向于用“who”代替“whom”。但在正式写作中,仍建议正确使用“whom”。
四、对比总结
| 关系代词 | 指代对象 | 是否可省略 | 是否用于非限制性从句 |
|----------|-----------|-------------|-------------------------|
| that | 人/物 | 不可省略| 一般不用|
| which| 物/整个句子 | 可省略(在非限制性中) | 可以用|
| who| 人(主语) | 不可省略| 可以用|
| whom | 人(宾语) | 不可省略| 可以用|
五、常见错误与注意事项
- 不要混淆“that”和“which”:在限制性定语从句中,通常用“that”;在非限制性定语从句中,用“which”。
- 避免在“who”后面加“whom”:如“the man who I met”是正确的,而“the man whom I met”也是可以接受的,但在口语中更常用前者。
- 注意介词后的使用:如“the person to whom you spoke”,而非“the person who you spoke to”。
六、练习巩固
1. The book ______ I read last week is very interesting.
2. The man ______ you met is my uncle.
3. This is the city ______ I was born.
4. The students ______ passed the test were happy.
5. The girl ______ is singing is my sister.
答案:
1. that / which
2. who / whom
3. where
4. who / that
5. who
通过以上内容的学习,希望大家能够更准确地理解和运用“that”、“which”、“who”和“whom”这些关系代词,提升自己的英语表达能力和写作水平。


